Digital certificates

SES.Hospedajes will not let you do anything until you can prove who you are to the Spanish state. For most owners that means a digital certificate — and if you do not live in Spain, this is reliably the hardest part of the whole process.

It is also the part with the least useful information written about it in English, which is why these pages go into more detail than you might expect.

• Getting a digital certificate when you don't live in SpainFour ways to get one, compared honestly, with realistic timescales for each.
• AutoFirma — why signing fails, and what each error meansThere is no phone or tablet version, which stops some owners dead. Plus what each of the common errors actually means.

Being written next: backing up and renewing a certificate, and Cl@ve in detail.